In 2000–2002 populations of Allium ursinum L. were investigated in woodland communities as well as in cutting areas. The potential and actual seed productions were calculated. From 16 to 37 % of ovules of A. ursinum developed to mature seeds in woodland communities, while in the cutting areas seeds were absent either because of frosts or infection by Botrytis sp. Seed production in woodland communities amounted to 4064 seeds per 1 m2. Number of flowering plants per square metre was quite variable and depended on different external and internal factors. In the investigated populations, 1–52 % of mature (flowering) plants propagated vegetatively developed mostly one daughter plant each. Nevertheless, vegetative propagation plays an important role in the plant reproduction in cutting areas and edges of stands.
Keywords: Allium ursinum, vegetative reproduction, generative reproduction, populations, density.

In total 68 species of lichens and allied fungi are reported. Eight species of lichens – Arthonia arthonioides, Caloplaca lucifuga, Lecanora thysanophora, Micarea hedlundii, Micarea nigella, Rinodina efflorescens, Sclerophora coniophaea, Thelocarpon intermediellum, 1 species of non-lichenized saprobic fungi – Thelocarpon lichenicola, and 2 species of lichenicolous fungi – Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa, Roselliniella cladoniae are reported here for the first time in Lithuania.
Keywords: lichens, lichenicolous fungi, Lithuania. 

Marfenina O. E., Ivanova A. E., Gorbatovskaja E. V., Fomicheva G. M., 2003: Prospects for mycological indication of ancient cultural layers [Kultūrinių sluoksnių mikologinės indikacijos perspektyvos]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 121–126.

The mycological properties of cultural layers excavated from medieval Slavonic settlements (IX–XIV A. D.) have been examined. The mycobiota of cultural layers differs from the surrounding soils in the increasing share of spores in fungal biomass, the highest microfungal species diversity, their composition, and the increased frequency of Penicillium species, which are able to grow at elevated temperature (37 °C). These mycological characteristics of the cultural layers were found to be similar to those of modern urban soils. The possibility to use mycological characteristics as some form of “soil mycological memory” of ancient human impact is discussed.
Keywords: microfungi, soil, cultural layers, species diversity, bioindicators. 

Kasparavičius J., Stankevičienė D., Urbonas V., 2003: Fruiting of Cantharellus cibarius in pine forests of South Lithuania [Cantharellus cibarius derėjimas Pietų Lietuvos pušynuose]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 127–133.

The growth of fruit bodies of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. was studied during 1998–2002. The influence of air temperature, relative air humidity, and precipitation on the quantity and biomass of C. cibarius fruit bodies was investigated. Of all meteorological factors observed during the investigation time, relative air humidity, amount of precipitation and its regularity were most important for the growth of C. cibarius fruit bodies.
Keywords:Cantharellus cibarius, fruit bodies, biomass, air temperature, precipitation. 

Kowalewska A., Kukwa M., 2003: Preliminary studies of the Cladonia chlorophaea group (Cladoniaceae, Ascomycota lichenisati) in northern Poland [Pirminiai Cladonia chlorophaea grupės (Cladoniaceae, Ascomycota lichenisati) tyrimai šiaurės Lenkijoje]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 135–143.

Results of the preliminary studies on the Cladonia chlorophaea group in northern Poland are presented. Formerly only six taxa were recorded, five taxa have been confirmed and one (C. pocillum) is excluded. Currently there are nine taxa: C. chlorophaea, C. cryptochlorophaea, C. fimbriata, C. grayi, C. humilis var. humilis and var. bourgeanica, C. merochlorophaea, C. novochlorophaea, and C. pyxidata. The majority of taxa are widely distributed in inland as well as in coastal areas. Still, C. cryptochlorophaea is known only from coastal sites, except one inland locality. C. humilis var. humilis occurs only in the western part of the coastal northern Poland, whereas var. bourgeanica is known only from two inland localities. However, these taxa are known from few specimens only. Habitat requirements are also briefly noted.
Keywords:Cladonia chlorophaea group, lichen distribution, lichen ecology, Poland. 

Stasińska M., Prajs B., 2003: Contribution to the occurrence of Montagnea arenaria in Poland [Papildomi duomenys apie Montagnea arenaria paplitimą Lenkijoje]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 145–149.

Montagnea arenaria (DC.) Zeller is threatened and one of the rarest fungi in Poland, known from only three localities. The habitat and geographical distribution of M. arenaria in Poland is reported.
Keywords: Gasteromycetes, agaricoid fungi, Montagnea arenaria, distribution, Poland. 

Hüseyin E., Sel?uk F., Gaffaroglu M., 2003: Some materials on mitosporic fungi from Turkey. I. Hyphomycetes [Kai kurie duomenys apie Turkijos mitosporinius grybus. I. Hyphomycetes]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 151–160.

Eighty species of Hyphomycetes belonging to 52 genera, 4 families of the Hyphomycetales, Tuberculariales, and Stilbellales orders and inhabiting more than 40 species of host plants were revealed in different regions of Turkey. Most of the recorded Hyphomycetes species are phyllotrophs (50 %) and xylotrophs (47.5 %). Majority of identified species are Dematiaceous fungi (88 %). Hyphomycetes revealed their consort relationships with 42 species of higher plants from 26 families. Fungi of 53 species and 38 genera are reported as new to the mycobiota of Turkey.
Keywords: Hyphomycetes, Hyphomycetales, Tuberculariales, Dematiaceous fungi, xylotrophs, phyllotrophs, Turkey. 

Sel?uk F., Hüseyin E., B?tm?? K., 2003: Some materials on mitosporic fungi from Turkey. II. Coelomycetes [Kai kurie duomenys apie Turkijos mitosporinius grybus. II. Coelomycetes]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 161–170.

Coelomycetes (Sphaeropsidales and Melanconiales) of 111 species from 31 genera were recorded on 53 species of higher plants belonging to 29 families. Majority (84.7 %) of fungi belonged to the Sphaeropsidales order. Two trophic groups were discerned: xylotrophes (80 %) and phyllotrophes (20 %). Among them saprobic species were prevalent (76 %). The ratio of the number of host plants and number of fungi was on average 1 : 2.2. The collection included members of holarctic, irradiated to southern hemisphere holarctic, palearctic, euro-caucasian, euro-caucasian-middle asiatic, mediterranean, mediterranean–palearctic, and cosmopolite geographic elements. Coelomycetes of 101 species and 6 genera are reported from Anatolia and European part of Turkey for the first time.
Keywords:Coelomycetes, trophic groups, geographic elements, Turkey.

Elansky S. N., Petrunina Ya. V., Likhachev A. N., 2003:  Growth of Stachybotrys chartarum strains on natural and artificial substrates [Stachybotrys chartarum kamienų augimas ant natūralių ir sintetinių substratų]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 171–177.

Growth of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) Hughes strains on plant and artificial materials in contact with water was analysed. After 84 days exposition at 25 °C material samples (35 × 240 mm) were divided into segments (60 mm length): A – the lower segment under the water level, B – directly over the water level, C and D – accordingly over B and C. Mycelium occupation of each segment was separately evaluated. Maximum fungal growth was on the segment B directly contacting with water, on segment A in most cases the lack of growth was observed. Fungal occupation of the segments C and D positively correlated with water capacity of the material. Mycelium occupation of the higher segments was quite weak, though the humidity was 100 %. The rate of growth on artificial materials was different for each tested S. chartarum strain. These differences were not observed when fungi grew on natural materials. The most suitable plant materials were stems and seeds of grain: oats, wheat, couch grass. The growth was weaker on other plant remnants: maple leaves, barberry leaves and branches, rapeseeds, trefoil seeds, St.-Johns wort. In all cases the optimal temperature for growth was 25 °C.
Keywords:Stachybotrys, collonisation, cellulose, building materials, plant materials.

Mačionienė I., Šalomskienė J., Paškevičius A., 2003: Yeast distribution in milk products produced in Lithuania [Mielių paplitimas Lietuvoje gaminamuose pieno produktuose]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 179–184.

As a result of the research, morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties of yeasts in quark, sweetened creamed quark, cheese, and in the sources of their contamination (equipment, air), were revised. Yeasts of 16 species were identified. They included the Candida Berkhout, Debaryomyces Lodder et Kreger van Rij, Kluyveromyces van der Walt, Pichia (Hansen) Kurtzman, Rhodotorula Harrison, Saccharomyces Meyen, Trichosporon Behrend, and Torulaspora Lindner genera. One species of the yeast-like fungi ? Geotrichum candidum Link : Fries ? was identified. To Ascomycotina 83 % of the species were assigned, 17 % ? to Deuteromycotina subdivisions.
Keywords: yeasts, species, milk products, isolate, identification. 

Stankevičienė A., Lugauskas A., 2003: Micromycetes of the Pythium genus associated with pot-plants [Pythium genties mikromicetai, susiję su vazoniniais augalais]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 185–189.

The investigations on ornamental pot-plants of 53 taxa belonging to 38 species, 23 genera, and 8 families were carried out in 1996–2001. The rhizosphere of these plants was investigated, and the microbiological analysis on leaf samples of injured plants was performed. Eight species of the Pythium Pringsh. fungi were isolated; 6 of them were detected for the first time in Lithuania.
Keywords: pot-plants, rhizosphere, plant pathogens, Pythium. 

Stankevičienė A., Snieškienė V., Juronis V., 2003: Micromycete diversity in the rhizosphere of the Agavaceae family pot-plants [Mikromicetų įvairovė Agavaceae šeimos augalų rizosferoje]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 191–194.

Changes in micromycete species composition and their frequency depending on the condition of the Agavaceae family pot-plants were investigated in 1996–2001. Micromycetes of 6 genera dominated in the rhizosphere zone of plants that had been brought from abroad recently. The species composition of micromycetes isolated from the rhizosphere of plants kept under unfavourable growth conditions indicated intensive process of change – micromycetes of 11 genera dominated. Meanwhile, in the rhizosphere of plants grown in a greenhouse (for more than 3 years), micromycetes of 12 species belonging to 7 genera prevailed.
Keywords:Agavaceae, growth conditions, micromycetes, prevalence frequency.

Šipailienė A., Venskutonis P. R., Šarkinas A., 2003: Inhibition of yeast growth by some plant essential oils and extracts [Augalų ekstraktų ir eterinių aliejų poveikis mielių augimui]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 195–201.

The present study investigates the inhibitory effect of Coriandrum sativa, Altheae officinalis, Anethum graveolens, and Origanum vulgaris extracts and Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus occidentalis, Mellisa officinalis, and Thymus vulgaris essential oils on the growth of food spoilage yeast. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using agar diffusion method with eight strains of yeast: Debaryomyces hansenii (Zopf) Lodder et Kreger van Rij, Trichosporon cutaneum (De Beurm.,Gougerot et Vancher) Ota, Kluyveromyces marxianus var. lactis van der Walt, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex Hansen, Candida parapsilosis (Ashford) Langeron et Talice, Torulaspora delbrueckii (Lindner) Lindner, Pichia kluyveri Bedford ex Kudriavzev, and Rhodotorula rubra (Demme) Lodder. The results show that the essential oils exhibit inhibitory effect against all tested yeast, while the effect of extracts is much weaker.
Keywords: antimicrobial effect, yeast, essential oil, extracts.

Tekorienė R., 2003: Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas on rotting vegetables, fruit, and seeds [Pseudomonas genties bakterijos daržovėse, vaisiuose ir sėklose]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(2): 203–206.
Vegetable, fruit, and seed samples were taken in the market and storeroom. Aiming to investigate the distribution of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. The samples were examined on selective media for gram-negative bacteria. Forty strains were isolated; 32 strains were selected on the basis of morphological similarity of their colonies. Basing on the results of physiological, cytological, and biochemical tests, the strains were ascribed to ten species of the genus Pseudomonas: Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. delafieldii, P. cepacia (Burgholderia cepacia), P. cichori, P. marginalis, P. facilis, P. putida, P. aeruginosa, P. pseudoalcaligenes, and P. straminea.
Keywords: fruit, vegetables, seeds, bacteria, Pseudomonas, species.
 

Juodkaitė R., Baliūnienė A., Jančys Z., 2003: Investigations on tulip bulb reproduction capacities [Tulpių svogūnų dauginimosi intensyvumo tyrimai]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(3): 209–227.

The research data (1983–1992) on tulip bulb reproduction according to total, generative, forcible and indexed reproduction coefficients were presented. 343 tulip cultivars of all mother bulb sizes (7 fractions; Extra fraction: diameter – 4 cm and more, size – 12.5 cm and more; the diameter of the following fractions – 0.5 cm less; VI fraction: diameter – 1.5 cm and less, size – 4.7 cm and less) were discussed. Furthermore, reference amplitudes and intervals of these coefficients among the cultivars and dependence degree on mother bulb size were reviewed.
Keywords: Tulip, variation, total reproduction, generative reproduction, forcible reproduction, indexed reproduction coefficient, grades of fertility.

Kmitienė G., Ragažinskienė O., 2003: Anatomical structure of Schisandra chinensis stem and leaf [Kininio citrinvyčio (Schisandra chinensis) stiebo ir lapo anatominė sandara]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(3): 229–233.

Results of investigations on the anatomical structure of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. stem and leaf are presented and discucced. Schisandra chinensis in Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus university is cultivated since 1955 as medicinal plant. The investigated anatomical characteristics are important for identification of Schisandra chinensis raw material and its quality.
Keywords: medicinal plant, plant anatomy, shoot, stem, leaf.

Šaulienė I., Raklevičienė D., 2003: The effect of the photoperiod on flower regeneration in Nicotiana flower stalk tissues [Fotoperiodo įtaka žiedų regeneracijai Nicotiana žiedkočių audiniuose]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(3): 235–242.

The paper deals with the effect of the photoperiod on the genesis of vegetative organs or flowers in flower stalk epidermal-subepidermal thin layer tissues in vitro, when the leaf, the main acceptor of this ecological factor, is removed. Both vegetative and reproductive organs regenerated in flower stalk explants of photoperiodically long-day Nicotiana alata under long-period day conditions, whereas only vegetative buds and shoots developed in a short day. However, the investigated tissues of N. tabacum with neutral photoperiodic reaction regenerated as vegetative shoots as well as flowers independently of day length. The results first demonstrate the same morphogenetic response to the photoperiod in flower stalk thin layer tissues in vitro as the photoperiodic reaction of an intact plant. Flowers regenerate in tissue cultures having only a certain extent of differentiation and in case of favourable photoperiod.
Keywords: photoperiod, thin layer tissues, tobacco, regeneration, flower, vegetative buds.

Łuszczyński J., 2003: Relict fungi of primeval forests in the Świętokrzyskie mountains (Central Poland) [Reliktiniai sengirių grybai Świętokrzyskie kalnuose (Centrinė Lenkija)]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(3): 243–251.

This article presents a list of 30 basidiomycete species recorded in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Central Poland), which are classified as primeval forest relicts. Species fulfiling such criterion are highly specialised; they are clearly attached to old forests and practically not found beyond them, not found in synathropic habitats. All the listed fungi are very rare or rare in Poland, included into national and/or regional red lists. At present the distribution of primeval forest relicts is concentrated mainly in the largest and best preserved forests of Poland, i.e., in Białowieska, Augustowska, Carpathian, as well as in Świętokrzyska Forests. Świętokrzyska Forest, and particularly its part in Świętokrzyski National Park, is an important refuge of these fungi.
Keywords: macromycetes, primeval forest, refuges, Świętokrzyski National Park, threatened fungi, Poland.

Motiejūnaitė J., Jucevičienė N., 2003: Influence of Athelia arachnoidea on epiphytic communities growing in broad-leaved forests under strong anthropogenic impact [Athelia arachnoidea įtaka labai antropogenizuotų plačialapių miškų epifitų bendrijoms]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(3): 253–258.

Influence of the basidiomycete Athelia arachnoidea on epiphytic communities was studied in broad-leaved forests in the zone of influence of chemical plant in central Lithuania. Lichen communities in 24 permanent quadrats were observed for four years. During this period the fungus was noted in 10 quadrats and caused significant damage in some of them. A. arachnoidea influenced both species number and cover in the quadrats, though its influence on various species differed both due to type of fungus infection and individual reaction of the lichen species.
Keywords: epiphytic lichens, lichen communities, lichenicolous fungi, Athelia arachnoidea.

Kukwa M., Himelbrant D. E., Kuznetsova E. S., 2003: New records of Lepraria from Russia [Nauji duomenys apie Lepraria genties kerpes Rusijoje]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(3): 259–264.

The paper presents new records of Lepraria species from Russia. New localities are reported for 10 taxa from the following regions: Kola Peninsula, Karelian Republic, Leningrad Region, and North-Western Caucasus. Lepraria jackii is reported as new to Russia.
Keywords: Lepraria, distribution, Russia.

Kutorga E., Raitviir A., 2003: Discomycetes of Viešvilė Strict Nature Reserve. 2. New data and emendations [Viešvilės valstybinio rezervato diskomicetai. 2. Nauji duomenys ir pakeitimai]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(3): 265–274.

The second paper on discomycetes of Viešvilė Strict Nature Reserve deals with new data on species diversity and provides descriptions, ecological and taxonomical notes for selected species recorded in the territory. Fourteen species have been additionally listed for the Reserve. Calycellina aff. populina, Cistella aconiti, “Helotium” aff. aureolum, Lachnum charretii, L. aff. coeruleo-album, L. ledi, L. subauratum, and Phialina carpinacea appeared to be new for Lithuania. Four species have been excluded from the list. In total, 138 species of discomycetes are recorded in the Reserve.
Keywords: discomycetes, nature reserves, Lithuania.

Elansky S. N., Smirnov A. N., 2003: Second locus of peptidase as a marker for genetic investigations of Phytophthora infestans [Antrasis peptidazės lokusas kaip žymiklis genetiniuose Phytophthora infestans tyrimuose]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(3): 275–283.

Second locus of peptidase (Pep-2) is useful, cheap, and technically quite a simple marker that can be used for comparative analysis of Phytophtora infestans strains and populations. This polymorphic locus is represented by two alleles 100 and 112; all their combinations commonly occur in the field populations. Genetic diversity for Pep-2 locus in the majority of populations is higher than for Pep-1. The use of Pep-2 in the complex with other markers such as mating type and Pep-1 has potential in the investigations of clonal structure of populations, the ways of spreading of the pathogen, and possible sources of infection. The complex of aforementioned features is promising for use in regional and interregional databases on late blight agent. The comparative analysis of mating type, Pep-1 and Pep-2 of Russian and Belorussian populations of P. infestans elucidated that the majority of investigated populations had the genotypes A1, 100/100, 100/100; A2, 100/100, 100/100, and A1, 100/100, 100/112. The genotypes ?2, 100/100, 100/112 and ?1, 100/100, 112/112 were rarer. Other possible P. infestans genotypes were found for a few isolates in different populations or were absent.
Keywords: Phytophftora infestans, late blight, analysis of populations, allozyme structure.

Treigienė A., Markovskaja S., 2003: New data on anamorphic fungi on oak (Quercus) in Lithuania [Nauji duomenys apie anamorfinius grybus ant ąžuolų (Quercus) Lietuvoje]. – Botanica Lithuanica, 9(3): 285–296.

The paper lists 37 species of anamorphic fungi identified on oak (Quercus L.); 32 species are reported as new to the mycobiota of Lithuania: Catenularia cuneiformis, Chalara affinis, C. aurea, C. urceolata, Chloridium botryoideum var. minutum, C. clavaeforme, Dicranidion fragile, Dicyma ampullifera, Endophragmiella fagicola, Gonytrichum chlamydosporium var. chlamydosporium, Haplographium catenatum, Haplariopsis fagicola, Haplotrichum ramosissimum, Heteroconium chaetospira, Ityorhoptrum verruculosum, Kylindria clavata, K. zignaellae, Lobatopedis foliicola, Monodictys castaneae, M. paradoxa, M. putredinis, Periconia minutissima, Phaeostalagmus tennuissimus, Pleurothecium recurvatum, Polyscytalum hareae, Pseudospiropes simplex, Spondylocladiopsis cupulicola, Sporendocladia bactrospora, Sporidesmium dennisii, S. goidanichii, Sympodiella cf. foliicola, Xylohypha ferruginosa. Among them Haplotrichum ramosissimum is recorded for the first time in Europe. Ecological peculiarities of the species, their distribution, host and substrate preferences are discussed. Some rare species are illustrated.
Keywords: anamorphic fungi, diversity, distribution, Quercus, Lithuania.